Interhemispheric Effects of Interannual and Decadal Enso-like Climate Variations on the Americas

نویسندگان

  • Michael D. Dettinger
  • David S. Battisti
  • Cecilia M. Bitz
  • Rene D. Garreaud
چکیده

Interannual El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and decadal ENSO-like climate variations of the Pacific Ocean basin are important contributors to the year-to-year (and longer) variations of the climate of North and South America. Analysis of historical observations of global sea-surface temperatures, global 500 mb pressure surfaces, and western hemisphere hydroclimatic variations that are linearly associated with the ENSO-like climate variations yields striking cross-equatorial symmetries as well as qualitative similarities between the climatic expressions of the interannual and decadal processes. These similarities are impressive because, at present, the mechanisms that are believed to drive the two time scales of ENSO-like variability include several candidates that are quite dissimilar in terms of physical processes and locations. Despite potentially different source mechanisms, both interannual and decadal ENSO-like climate variations yield wetter subtropics (when the ENSO-like indices are in positive, El Niño-like phases) and drier midlatitudes and tropics (overall) over the Americas, in response to equatorward shifts in westerly winds and storm tracks in both hemispheres. The similarities of their continental-surface climate expressions may impede separation of the two ENSO-like processes in paleoclimatic reconstructions. Resumen Variaciones asociadas con El Niño/Oscilación Sur (ENSO) a escala de tiempo de caracter interanual y decadal en el Océano Pacífico, resultan contribudores importantes del clima de Norte y Sur America. Analisis de los registros historicos de la temperatura de superficie del mar (SSTs), del campo global de nivel de la superficie a 500 mb, y de variaciones hidroclimáticas en el Hemisferio Occidental asociadas en forma lineal con variaciones de origen ENSO, exhiben simetrias marcadas en ambos hemisferios en la mayoria de sus expresiones de variabilidad climatica, en ambas escalas—interanual y decadal. Estas similaridades son notables, porque, al presente, los mecanismos que se creen responsables por las variaciones climaticas en estas dos escalas de variación temporal, vinculadas con fluctuaciones generadas por el fenomeno ENSO, incluyen varios candidatos, los cuales son asociados con distintos procesos físicos y zonas geográficas de acción. No obstante estos mecanismos potentialmente distintos, variaciones climaticas de escala interanual y decadal resultan en el desarrollo de condiciones mas lluviosas que lo normal en las regiones subtropicales (durante la fase calida del ENSO), y condiciones mas seca que lo normal en las latitudes medias y en los tropicos en general sobre el continente Americano. Esto ocurre en repuesta a los cambios de vientos de superficie en la zona ecuadorial de Pacifico, y cambios de las trajectorias de tormentas en ambos hemisferios. La similaridad de las expresiones climaticas en superficies en ambos hemisferios y escalas temporales, si acaso hará mas dificil la separación de las señales de indole paleoclimaticas de estas de variación del sistema ENSO. Citation: Dettinger, M.D., Battisti, D.S., Garreaud, R.D., McCabe, G.J., and Bitz, C.M., 2001, Interhemispheric effects of interannual and decadal ENSO-like climate variations on the Americas, in V. Markgraf (ed.), Interhemispheric climate linkages: Present and Past Climates i the A their Societal Effects: Academic Press, 1-16.

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تاریخ انتشار 2005